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Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary www softarchive net

2009-02-09 - extension: rar - size: 98 MB

Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary www softarchive net

Cambridge Advanced Learner

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RIATHANHNGHI Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary

2009-04-02 - extension: rar - size: 97 MB

RIATHANHNGHI Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary

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Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary

2008-12-24 - extension: rar - size: 51 MB

Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary

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| Source: http://cuong2210.blogspot.com/2007/05/cambridge-advanced-learners-dictionary.html

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The Jam - Going Underground (2008 VideoRemix by uklittleguy)
2008 Video Remix of 'The Jam - Going Underground' (Originally released in 1982). (More)

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http://www.soyelcreador.com.ar For other uses, see Robot (disambiguation). ASIMO, a humanoid robot (More) http://www.soyelcreador.com.ar For other uses, see Robot (disambiguation). ASIMO, a humanoid robot manufactured by Honda.A robot is a mechanical or virtual, artificial agent. A robot is usually an electromechanical system, which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own. The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are often shortened to bots.[1] While there is still discussion[2][3][4] about which machines qualify as robots, a typical robot will have several, though not necessarily all of the following properties: Is not 'natural' i.e. has been artificially created. Can sense its environment. Can manipulate things in its environment. Has some degree of intelligence, or ability to make choices based on the environment, or automatic control / preprogrammed sequence. Is programmable. Can move with one or more axes of rotation or translation. Can make dexterous coordinated movements. Appears to have intent or agency (reification, anthropomorphisation or Pathetic fallacy[5]). Defining characteristics The last property (above), the appearance of agency, is important when people are considering whether to call a machine a robot. In general, the more a machine has the appearance of agency, the more it is considered a robot. KITT is mentally anthropomorphicMental agency For robotic engineers, the physical appearance of a machine is less important than the way its actions are controlled.[6] The more the control system seems to have agency of its own, the more likely the machine is to be called a robot. An important feature of agency is the ability to make choices. So the more a machine could feasibly choose to do something different, the more agency it has. For example: a clockwork car is never considered a robot[7] a radio-controlled car is almost never considered a robot (though is sometimes known as a telerobot). a car with an onboard computer, like Bigtrak, which could drive in a programmable sequence might be called a robot. a self-controlled car, like the 1990s driverless cars of Ernst Dickmanns, or the entries to the DARPA Grand Challenge, which could sense its environment, and make driving decisions based on this information would quite likely be called robot. a sentient car, like the fictional KITT, which can take decisions, navigate freely and converse fluently with a human, is usually considered a robot. ASIMO is physically anthropomorphicPhysical agency However, for many people, if a machine looks anthropomorphic or zoomorphic (e.g. ASIMO and Aibo), especially if it is limb-like (e.g. a simple robot arm), or has limbs, or can move around, it would be called a robot. For example, even if the following examples used the same control architecture: a player piano is rarely called a robot[8] a CNC milling machine is very occasionally called a robot. a factory automation arm is usually called a robot. a zoomorphic mechanical toy, like Roboraptor, is usually called a robot.[9][10] a humanoid, like ASIMO, is almost always called a robot. Interestingly, while a 3-axis CNC milling machine may have a very similar or identical control system to a robot arm, it is the arm which is almost always called a robot, while the CNC machine is usually just a machine. Having a limb can make all the difference. Having eyes too gives people a sense that a machine is aware (the eyes are the windows of the soul). However, simply being anthropomorphic is not sufficient for something to be called a robot. A robot must do something, whether it is useful work or not. So, for example, a rubber dog chew, shaped like ASIMO, would not be considered a robot. Other definitions of robot There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone, and many people have written their own.[11] For example, International standard ISO 8373 defines a "robot" as: An automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.[12] Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked: I can't define a robot, but I know one when I see one.[13] The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines "robot" as: A machine used to perform jobs automatically, which is controlled by a computer[14] fountain:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot (Less)

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