Results for: molecules and medicine
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2009-10-30 - extension: rar - size: 25 MB
0123743737
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The Genetics of Illness and Disease, Linus Pauling http://www.encognitive.com
Narrator: Dr. Pauling, in the last few years you have become interested (More) http://www.encognitive.com
Narrator: Dr. Pauling, in the last few years you have become interested in the biochemical basis of medicine, mental disease, and so on. Could you tell us what led you into this new work?
Dr. Pauling: Well, I think that it was the discovery of sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease that has led to our present activities on the chemical basis of mental disease. You see, nobody had thought before that there could be abnormal molecules of proteins and that they could be responsible for disease. Genetic diseases have been known. You know that each human being has about, let's say, a hundred thousand genes that he has inherited from his father and mother. Half from his father and half from the mother.
These genes are now known to be molecules of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid and each of these molecules has a little code of information on it that permits it to manufacture duplicates of itself to be handed on for example, to one's children, and also to manufacture special molecules such as the molecules of proteins, in which each atom is put in its right place in this product molecule. Each of these genes sets up an assembly line for manufacturing protein molecules. When we began studying hemoglobin -- the abnormal hemoglobin that produces sickle cell anemia -- we found a very interesting result. The hemoglobin in the apparatus in which an electric field operates on the hemoglobin molecules and pulls normal hemoglobin molecules to one side and the sickle cell anemia hemoglobin molecules to the other side.
We found that if we got a sample of blood from the father or the mother of a parent, of the patient, and put the hemoglobin of the father in the apparatus it split. Half the molecules went one direction and half went the other. And similarly with the hemoglobin from the mother. Both the father and the mother had in their red cells a mixture -- a fifty-fifty mixture of two kinds of hemoglobin. Now the explanation of that is simple. A normal individual inherits two molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, two genes, each of which manufactures normal hemoglobin molecules.
A sickle cell anemia patient has two abnormal genes, that are somewhat different. Each of these manufactures molecules of sickle cell anemia hemoglobin. The parents of this patient have one normal gene and one abnormal gene. Each of these genes sets up its own assembly line and manufactures its own kind of hemoglobin molecules. The abnormal gene was presumably made by a normal gene many thousands of years ago probably by a cosmic ray or some other kind of high energy radiation or some other mutagenic agent, which damaged the gene in such a way it made only a small damaged region in it in such a way as to convert it into the sickle cell gene.
This caused the sickle cell gene manufactures a hemoglobin molecule that is almost exactly right, but it has two little errors in it. Out of six hundred units that make up the molecule, two have been changed. And that is all the difference that there is between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell anemia hemoglobin. Now here we have the normal gene and the abnormal gene, the good gene and the bad gene. The bad gene was formed by a mutation, a genetic mutation, some thousands of years ago.
It has spread out so that there are now millions of people in the world who carry this particular bad gene. We know that geneticists have discovered that human beings carry a great number of different bad genes and my associates and I have been especially interested in checking up on the bad molecules of proteins that the bad genes manufacture. In particular, in investigating these bad molecules in relation to disease. (Less)
The Genetics of Illness and Disease, Linus Pauling http://www.encognitive.com Narrator: Dr. Pauling, in the last few years you have become interested (More) http://www.encognitive.com Narrator: Dr. Pauling, in the last few years you have become interested in the biochemical basis of medicine, mental disease, and so on. Could you tell us what led you into this new work? Dr. Pauling: Well, I think that it was the discovery of sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease that has led to our present activities on the chemical basis of mental disease. You see, nobody had thought before that there could be abnormal molecules of proteins and that they could be responsible for disease. Genetic diseases have been known. You know that each human being has about, let's say, a hundred thousand genes that he has inherited from his father and mother. Half from his father and half from the mother. These genes are now known to be molecules of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid and each of these molecules has a little code of information on it that permits it to manufacture duplicates of itself to be handed on for example, to one's children, and also to manufacture special molecules such as the molecules of proteins, in which each atom is put in its right place in this product molecule. Each of these genes sets up an assembly line for manufacturing protein molecules. When we began studying hemoglobin -- the abnormal hemoglobin that produces sickle cell anemia -- we found a very interesting result. The hemoglobin in the apparatus in which an electric field operates on the hemoglobin molecules and pulls normal hemoglobin molecules to one side and the sickle cell anemia hemoglobin molecules to the other side. We found that if we got a sample of blood from the father or the mother of a parent, of the patient, and put the hemoglobin of the father in the apparatus it split. Half the molecules went one direction and half went the other. And similarly with the hemoglobin from the mother. Both the father and the mother had in their red cells a mixture -- a fifty-fifty mixture of two kinds of hemoglobin. Now the explanation of that is simple. A normal individual inherits two molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, two genes, each of which manufactures normal hemoglobin molecules. A sickle cell anemia patient has two abnormal genes, that are somewhat different. Each of these manufactures molecules of sickle cell anemia hemoglobin. The parents of this patient have one normal gene and one abnormal gene. Each of these genes sets up its own assembly line and manufactures its own kind of hemoglobin molecules. The abnormal gene was presumably made by a normal gene many thousands of years ago probably by a cosmic ray or some other kind of high energy radiation or some other mutagenic agent, which damaged the gene in such a way it made only a small damaged region in it in such a way as to convert it into the sickle cell gene. This caused the sickle cell gene manufactures a hemoglobin molecule that is almost exactly right, but it has two little errors in it. Out of six hundred units that make up the molecule, two have been changed. And that is all the difference that there is between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell anemia hemoglobin. Now here we have the normal gene and the abnormal gene, the good gene and the bad gene. The bad gene was formed by a mutation, a genetic mutation, some thousands of years ago. It has spread out so that there are now millions of people in the world who carry this particular bad gene. We know that geneticists have discovered that human beings carry a great number of different bad genes and my associates and I have been especially interested in checking up on the bad molecules of proteins that the bad genes manufacture. In particular, in investigating these bad molecules in relation to disease. (Less)
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