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Seeing Black Holes & Proving Einstein's General… A black hole is a system so centrally condensed (More) A black hole is a system so centrally condensed that its force of gravity prevents everything within it, including light, from escaping. As two Austrian physicists, Joseph Lense and Hans Thirring, pointed out in 1918, general relativity predicts that any spinning massive body will drag or twist the space-time fabric in its immediate neighborhood.
Specifically, general relativity states that if a disk of material orbits a very dense body like a neutron star or black hole at an angle to the plane of the star or hole's spin axis, the dragging or twisting of space-time that is predicted will cause the disk to wobble. In turn, the wobble will generate oscillations in the intensity of the X-ray radiation emitted from the gas in the disk. The theory even predicts the rate at which the oscillations should occur according to the spin characteristics of the particular neutron star or black hole.
At a 1997 meeting of the American Astronomical Society two separate teams, one from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the other from the Astronomical Observatory of Rome and the University of Rome, reported on the first ever detection of such oscillations. The American team observed 5 black holes and discovered oscillations as rapid as 300 Hz. In each case the oscillation rate was exactly what general relativity predicted. The Italian team observed several black holes and likewise the general relativistic predictions were right on target...
"Einstein's General Relativity: It's a Drag" - http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/pdfs/data/1997/152-20/15220-04.pdf
Recently, an independent study done with NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer satellite confirmed the Lense-Thirring effect on neutron stars that spin 1,000 Hz...
"Discovery of a New Third Kilohertz Quasi-Periodic Oscillation in 4U 1608-52, 4U 1728-34, and 4U 1636-53: Sidebands to the Lower Kilohertz Quasi-Periodic Oscillation?" - http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/540/1/L29/pdf/1538-4357_540_1_L29.pdf
A few weeks after the twisting of the space-time fabric was first observed, general relativity passed 3 more tests. One was the first conclusive proof for the existence of stellar mass black holes. General relativity predicts that a galaxy of our size and age should contain several stellar mass black holes. Measurements of the orbital characteristics of an optical star orbiting the x-ray nova, A0620-00, established beyond all doubt that the nova exceeded the maximum mass for a stable neutron star (meaning that the star could not possibly have avoided becoming a black hole). Since then, several more X-ray novae have yielded the same conclusion.
General relativity also predicts the existence of supermassive (exceeding 1,000,000 solar masses) black holes in the nuclei of very large galaxies. The existence of such supermassive black holes was established several years ago. What is new is the first time measurement of the velocities of the inner regions of the accretion disks surrounding these supermassive black holes.
These velocities, measuring close to 1/3 the velocity of light, are consistent with the predictions of general relativity. (Less)
h874t General Relativity Graduate Texts in Physics uploaded.net ext: .pdf 5 MB date: 2013-05-02
Source title: general relativity (graduate texts in physics) free
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